OKAY’s laser tube cutting offers a superior combination of equipment, including Class 1 custom designed 4-5 Axis laser cutters (manual and fully automated options), technology, software and engineering expertise. Our extremely narrow laser cut capabilities reduce process heat and virtually eliminate the discoloration and warping that can ...Laser tube cutting machines for general fabrication work typically accept up to 20-foot lengths of tube and are equipped with load carriages that hold large quantities—up to 10,000 lbs.—of tube. Many, if not all, can accept information in CAD format and use the information for nesting parts and developing cutting sequences and paths.For over two decades, Serra Laser & Waterjet has been supplying industrial precision 2D cutting, 5-Axis tube/shape and structural beam cutting, waterjet and computer numerical control (CNC) milling services to OEMs, steel suppliers, sheet metal fabricators, and more. With facilities in Anaheim and Sun Valley, we have established ourselves as ...Feb 28, 2023 · The laser cutting machine utilizes a powerful laser beam that focuses on the materials and vaporizes the metal at contact, producing an excellent clean cut. Steps To Laser Tube Cutting. Prep: A tube or pipe is mounted to a machine to help hold things in place during the cut. We can create almost any cut-feature or geometry on tubes, including fish mouth, profile, copes, and slots. Our laser cutting systems allow us to perform high-speed cutting without additional requirement for hard tools. The Bassett tube laser cutting technique eliminates the need for saws, drills, nibblers, milling machines, and hand-held ...Further informations: https://www.blmgroup.com/laser-tube-cutting-machinesLasertube systems are BLM GROUP 2D and 3D tube laser cutting machines for tubes, ba...Industrial Machinery: Laser tube cutting is integral in manufacturing machinery and equipment. It is used to fabricate tubes for conveyor systems, hydraulic and pneumatic systems, frames, and other structural components. The precise cuts and high-quality edges ensure the proper fit and functionality of the components.Tube laser cutting is an excellent process for standard or complex parts requiring extreme cutting precision while minimizing downstream tasks. In a single operation, our tube lasers create perforations and complex contours, and can also cut tubes into sections. A variety of materials with different wall thicknesses and profile geometries are ...Helldivers 2 itself launched at 4 a.m. EST on Feb. 8, and most patches seem to appear within an hour or two of that same window. Assuming the Cutting Edge …Woodsage utilizes state-of-the-art cutting technology and experienced operators to deliver high-quality precision products. Tube laser cutting is one of the core-competencies of Woodsage. We utilize the latest CNC programmable LaserTube LT Fiber equipment to precision-cut bars or tubes up to 6” in diameter. Our laser cutting services include ... Material. Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel, Aluminum, Custom Extrusions, Beams, Copper, Brass, ROPS tubing, and more. Part Sizes. Maximum Length - 6m or 20ft. Maximum Diameter Rectangular - 254mm or 10.00 in. Maximum Diameter Round - 254mm or 10.00in. Other Features. 3D Cutting - bevel cutting for countersink holes and true 45-degree angle cutting. A six-axis CNC laser-cutting machine enables our operators to make precision cuts on large tubing, including after bending and forming operations. It prevents hole deformation and keeps material from tearing. Complete Tube Laser Cutting either before or after bending. In-line Tube Laser cutting up to 16" OD round and 11.8" square tubing.How to normalize a cut on a tube laser. Solid works tutorial Inline Tube Laser Cutting. With powerful, 4 kW inline fiber-optic tube laser cutting systems, we can cut round, square, and rectangle material, (including open profiles), up to 6-inch OD, and can handle angled cuts on multiple sides or edges. With a robust operating system, this equipment can create slots, notches, copes and custom hole patterns. Workshop. Our company’s core product – laser Tube cutting machine is national leader in market share, cumulative sales of more than 3,000 units of laser Tube cutting machine,and products sold well in more than 80 …YouTube TV has become a popular choice for those who want to cut the cord and still have access to live television. With over 85 channels available, it can be overwhelming to know ...Buy OMTech 50W CO2 Laser Tube for Laser Engraver & Cutter Machine, 850mm 50mm Dia Laser Cutter Tube with Borosilicate Glass 6000hr MTTF, Laser Cutting Engraving Machine Replacement Tube for Wood Stone: Crimpers - Amazon.com FREE DELIVERY possible on eligible purchasesThe LT8 3D tube laser is highly flexible and user-friendly, performing top quality and extremely precise laser cutting, on tube diameters from 12 to 220 mm and a bar weight up to 35kg/m. Equipped with a tilting head, it allows 3D cutting on all sections (open and special profiles included).Smart 1Kw - 1.5Kw - 2Kw - 3Kw Laser Cutting Machine. Smartline 2Kw -4Kw Laser Cutting Machine. MasterLINE 6Kw-15Kw Laser Cutting Machine. Metal Laser Cutters. Coil And Sheet Fed Laser Cutter. Tube Laser Cutting Machine. Laser Welding . Laser Welding Machine. Automatic Bending . Electric Panel Bender BEC SMART Series.Round/Square Tube/Rectangular. Round/Square Tube/Rectangular. Round/Square Tube/Rectangular. Round/Square Tube/Rectangular. Tube Size Range. Round：Φ16-Φ155mm Square： 16- 155mm Rectangular：Rectangular:Long Side≤155mm. Round：Φ20-Φ220mm Square： 20- 220m Rectangular：Rectangular:Long Side≤220mm. …Jun 4, 2019 · The very nature of a tube prevents the need for a machine with a very high-powered laser. Whereas flat sheet laser cutting machines now are available with laser generators as powerful as 12 kW, tube laser cutting machines usually only require a maximum of 5 kW of power. With a tube, you always have to think about the opposite side of the tube ... Industrial Machinery: Laser tube cutting is integral in manufacturing machinery and equipment. It is used to fabricate tubes for conveyor systems, hydraulic and pneumatic systems, frames, and other structural components. The precise cuts and high-quality edges ensure the proper fit and functionality of the components.Tube Laser Cutting Services. Chicago Metal Fabricators can produce quality custom parts with our advanced tube laser technology allowing for fulfillment of a variety of complex project types and sizes to meet your needs. Our BLM LT712D Tube Laser has the capability to cut to specified length and add holes and cutouts in a single process while ...Have you ever seen the laser cutting process in action? Watching it is mesmerizing and oddly satisfying as the lasers cut through the sturdiest of elements.I...Tube Laser Cutting Machines. Bodor laser cutting machine is engineered to handle a variety of cross-sections, including round, square, rectangular, elliptical, angle, channel, I-beam, and other profiles. Tube Laser Cutting Machines. Metal Sheet & Tube Laser Cutting Machines. Tube Laser. Tubecon Africa expanded our range of Value Added Services by adding a tube laser cutter, increasing customer convenience in terms of buying and cutting the required tubes at one place. The fiber laser cuts round, square and rectangular input tubes. Various wall thicknesses can be accommodated. Our new high-tech fiber laser cuts ... Laser tube cutting can save you entire process steps, which means you can save money too. XTREME Solutions Think big, go massive - With our oversize-format machines from the areas laser cutting, laser tube processing and bending, you can overcome even the biggest of challenges! Are you a hobbyist or a small business owner looking to add some unique and intricate designs to your laser cutting projects? Look no further. In this article, we will explore the ... TUBE LASER CUTTING. Tube laser cutting applies the process and technology of laser cutting to round, square, and rectangular tubing. Using a narrow beam of light, our Trumpf TruLaser Tube 7000 and LT8 tube lasers deliver precise cuts tailored to your specifications. Tubing can also be cut to custom lengths, all in one run. 3D laser tube cutting is a critical first step for tube fabrication services. Modern Group can laser cut standalone tubes for customers, these laser-cut tubes are often parts for larger fabrications. Modern has leading fiber-laser tube cutting capabilities which allows us to cope the ends of tubes in order to make perfect fits in weldment and ...Follow rctestflight on IG: https://instagram.com/rctestflight_My previous DIY Lawnmower: https://youtu.be/3iPVCrq2_SsCheck out the Ecoflow Delta Max here: ht...Further information: https://www.blmgroup.com/en/lasertubeThe ADIGE Laser Tube Cutting technology consolidates more than six different operations into one wo...Sharpe Products specializes in custom tube and pipe bending, laser cutting and end forming - from 0.50" up to 6" OD - for customers across North America. We provide custom tube bending and tube laser cutting for the aerospace, agricultural, automotive, construction, food and beverage, medical/healthcare and recreation industries.Aug 18, 2023 · The tube laser cutting machine is the preferred cutting machine for small and medium-sized enterprises, cutting various metal hollow round pipe materials such as stainless steel, carbon steel, and galvanized pipe. This high-tech product integrates numerical control technology, laser cutting, and precision machinery, making it the preferred ... Laser tube cutting is the process by which tube stock material is selectively cut to form various shapes, holes, designs, and/or channels using a controllable precision laser. The stock material (tube/pipe) is held in a controllable lathe, where the tube will rotate in line with the design specifications as the laser makes cuts. Four-axis machine: Z-axis travel of 1.5" (38mm), plus additional focus axis travel of 0.4" (10 mm) Functions. Cutting, Vector Engraving, & Raster Engraving. Motion. Moves up to 50" per sec (1270mm per sec) Cuts up to 5" per second (127 mm per sec) Height Sensing. Capacitive height sensor with tip-up detection and auto-continue.In today’s digital age, more and more people are cutting the cord on traditional cable television and opting for streaming services. One such service that has gained immense popula...Discover all-round solutions for the world of laser tube cutting and find out more about the TruLaser Tube machines. An overview of the benefits you gain from our laser tube cutting machines. We offer you the ideal …Tube Laser Cutting Machines. Bodor laser cutting machine is engineered to handle a variety of cross-sections, including round, square, rectangular, elliptical, angle, channel, I-beam, and other profiles. Tube Laser Cutting Machines. Metal Sheet & Tube Laser Cutting Machines.Cap part costs: laser tube cutting eliminates entire process steps like sawing, drilling or milling. With the right TRUMPF functions, you can also form threads directly in the TruLaser Tube – lowering the expenditure for handling and storage as well. Your part costs are significantly lowered compared to conventional tube processing.Welcome to the exciting world of laser cutting! For all those makers out there looking to start creating with a laser cutter, this tutorial will have the bas...2.5" x 2.5" 3/16" Angle Iron processed with adaptive clamping.For bids and inquiries please contact us through our website at www.precisiontubelaser.comFlatbed laser cutting materials in Aluminium stainless steel, mild steel, high tensile steel - up to 20mm thick. Tube Laser Cutting. Round tube cutting capabilities 30mm - 220mm. Shs tube cutting capabilities 200 x 200mm. Angel / channel / …How to normalize a cut on a tube laser. Solid works tutorialA laser cutter is a machine that uses a laser beam to cut or engrave materials such as wood, plastic, or metal. It works by directing the laser beam through a series of mirrors and lenses to focus the energy onto a small spot, melting or vaporizing the material based on instructions from a computer. In this article, I’ll explain how laser ...OKAY’s laser tube cutting offers a superior combination of equipment, including Class 1 custom designed 4-5 Axis laser cutters (manual and fully automated options), technology, software and engineering expertise. Our extremely narrow laser cut capabilities reduce process heat and virtually eliminate the discoloration and warping that can ...We can create almost any cut-feature or geometry on tubes, including fish mouth, profile, copes, and slots. Our laser cutting systems allow us to perform high-speed cutting without additional requirement for hard tools. The Bassett tube laser cutting technique eliminates the need for saws, drills, nibblers, milling machines, and hand-held ...The machine also allows us to clean inside the tube after cutting to help save time as well. Here are a few other specifics to note: Bevel Cutting up to 45°. Round Tube OD: .472” to 6.0”. Square Tube: .472” to 6.0×6.0”. Raw Stock Length: 28.2 ft. Bundle Weight: 11,023 lbs. Max Weight Per Linear Foot: 15.5 lbs/ft.Tube Laser Cutting. Up to 24” diameter x 50 feet long. Miter cut, top notch and slot holes. Tabs, etching, pipe joints and more. High quality cut and parts repeatability. Tapping from #10 - 3/4” and M5 - M20. Reduce assembly time by eliminating need for: sawing, fixtures, milling, drilling, punching, bending, and welding.Bearco is a specialist in tube laser and sheet laser cutting. Our company is structured in a way whereby we have become a one-stop shop for all of your cutting, cnc machining and bending needs. Our experience is vast and our client list long due to our customer centric business focus. The absolute best quality, quickest turnaround time, lowest ...The ByTube laser’s 28-ft. loading capacity is optimal for River City’s typical raw stock, a huge portion of which is round and square tubes. The machine can …Tube laser cutting can repeatably provide high-quality cuts and parts quickly. It reduces the need for sawing, fixturing, milling, drilling, punching, bendin...Capacity- up to 6″ square tube, and 8.75″ round tube. The tube laser can cut up to 1/2″ wall thickness (carbon steel and limited to 23 pounds per lineal foot) – 27′ lengths – Production quantity loads. Lasers cutting metal like butter in Houston. Our lasers can cut through 1″ thick metal. They can hold +/- .003″ on thinner gauge ...Tube laser cutting works by directing a high-powered laser beam at the object that needs to be cut. This beam is then focused on the material and cuts through it with great precision. The advantage of using a tube laser over traditional methods is that there's no need for secondary operations like grinding or polishing once the cut has been ...G&J STEEL TUBE LASER CUTTING SERVICES. Our facilities can handle production runs requiring rates of anywhere from 60–1,000 pieces per hour. To ensure true end-to-end service, we limit our tube fabrication services to tubes ranging from .125” up to 7 inches OD.Four-axis machine: Z-axis travel of 1.5" (38mm), plus additional focus axis travel of 0.4" (10 mm) Functions. Cutting, Vector Engraving, & Raster Engraving. Motion. Moves up to 50" per sec (1270mm per sec) Cuts up to 5" per second (127 mm per sec) Height Sensing. Capacitive height sensor with tip-up detection and auto-continue. Precise, high-quality tube laser cutting service with rapid lead times and competitive prices. One of the UK’s leading tube laser cutting services, The Laser Cutting Co. boasts an impressive, state-of-the-art suite of laser cutting machines running 24 hours. Complemented by an in-house design team and end-to-end processing services, The Laser ... ACCURL® Laser tube cutting is specifically designed for businesses that care about high-quality profile & tube cutting. Full automatic loading & Unloading re...McKiney manufactures laser-cut tubing and provides part fabrication, CNC mandrel tube bending, fiber laser sheet cutting, CNC waterjet cutting, and more. We are laser tube cutting specialists—we manufacture products for companies located in Nebraska, throughout the United States, and in these cities near our Mitchell, Nebraska facility:Accelerate the laser cutting of tubes and profiles with the ByTube Star 130. Tube laser cutting with our high-end tube laser boosts the quality and performance in your …At BenCo, our 3D Tube Lasers allow us to turn tube, channel, angle and other open profile tube stock into the parts your business needs. Thanks to a dedicated ...Are you a hobbyist or a small business owner looking to add some unique and intricate designs to your laser cutting projects? Look no further. In this article, we will explore the ...Types of Laser Tube Cutters. The main types of laser tube cutting machines …Automatic tube loading and unloading. When higher productivity is needed, the LC5 automatic loader becomes indispensable. It extracts the bars from the bundle, one after the other, and continuously feeds the working line, without manual intervention. The cut parts are unloaded automatically and accumulated in the box.XXL power: All the power required to laser cut oversize tubes. Automatically load several individual tubes up to 12.5 meters in length with the swivel-mounted conveyor system. The ideal solution for small lot sizes, intermediate production, and special profiles.The OMNI6000T cnc laser tube cutter for metal, also known as a laser tube cutting machine, is used to cut round, square, and other metal tubes. Carbon steel, stainless steel, aluminum alloy, galvanized sheet, titanium alloy, manganese alloy, and other materials may be cut with a laser pipe cutting machine. It is extensively utilized in metal ...3D laser tube cutting is a critical first step for tube fabrication services. Modern Group can laser cut standalone tubes for customers, these laser-cut tubes are often parts for larger fabrications. Modern has leading fiber-laser tube cutting capabilities which allows us to cope the ends of tubes in order to make perfect fits in weldment and ...Kelbei Laser, a specialised laser equipment manufacturer. Please contact : Whatsapp 0086 152 7516 9672 Email [email protected] you a hobbyist or a small business owner looking to add some unique and intricate designs to your laser cutting projects? Look no further. In this article, we will explore the ...ACCURL® Laser tube cutting is specifically designed for businesses that care about high-quality profile & tube cutting. Full automatic loading & Unloading re...Curious about laser surgery costs? The ultimate laser surgery price depends on a variety of factors. Learn more about laser surgery, types of lasers, cost considerations and possib...Tube laser cutting is the fastest and most cost-effective method for cutting different profiles, including round, square and oval tubes. The precision and repeatability are suitable for making simple holes as well as intricate cutouts.Tube Laser CuttingMarks Brothers, Inc. has invested in a laser cutting system designed specifically for cutting tube and pipe. We can consolidate multiple co...McKiney manufactures laser-cut tubing and provides part fabrication, CNC mandrel tube bending, fiber laser sheet cutting, CNC waterjet cutting, and more. We are laser tube cutting specialists—we manufacture products for companies located in Nebraska, throughout the United States, and in these cities near our Mitchell, Nebraska facility:Yes, stainless steels can be laser cut using a high-powered laser beam. The process is highly precise and can produce clean and accurate cuts on stainless steel sheets and plates. Stainless steels, which are a family of corrosion-resistant steels containing at least 10.5% chromium, can be laser cut using either CO2 or fiber laser technology. Tube Laser Cutting. Our state-of-the-art on-site processing facilities include 11 tube lasers, including the Jumbo – the largest in the UK, and capable of controlling input lengths of 18 metres, and output lengths of 15 metres. Tube lasers can save time compared to traditional manufacturing processes. Eliminate extra work by having weld preps ... Further information: https://www.blmgroup.com/en/lasertubeThe ADIGE Laser Tube Cutting technology consolidates more than six different operations into one …Buy OMTech 50W CO2 Laser Tube for Laser Engraver & Cutter Machine, 850mm 50mm Dia Laser Cutter Tube with Borosilicate Glass 6000hr MTTF, Laser Cutting Engraving Machine Replacement Tube for Wood Stone: Crimpers - Amazon.com FREE DELIVERY possible on eligible purchases Tube lasers feed metal tube through a chuck. A laser positioned above the chuck pierces and cuts through the material while the chuck rotates and feeds the material in and out, allowing the metal tube to be cut with precision. Advanced machines like OSH Cut's tube laser can also angle the cutting head, allowing beveled edges up to 45 degrees. McKiney manufactures laser-cut tubing and provides part fabrication, CNC mandrel tube bending, fiber laser sheet cutting, CNC waterjet cutting, and more. We are laser tube cutting specialists—we manufacture products for companies located in Nebraska, throughout the United States, and in these cities near our Mitchell, Nebraska facility: LASER TUBE CUTTING. Laser Tube Cutting Matt Swain 2024-02-16T15:37:19+00:00. What makes Lasercraft parts stand out? Capabilities. Up to 6″ (152.4 mm) OD; Round tube; Our TRUMPF Tube Laser 7000 delivers unparalleled precision and versatility. With cutting-edge technology, it effortlessly handles a wide range of tube and profile materials, making it the ultimate solution for complex metal fabrication needs. Combined with our instant quoting and DFM tools, Tube Cutting will never be easier (or faster). Tube laser cutting can repeatably provide high-quality cuts and parts quickly. It reduces the need for sawing, fixturing, milling, drilling, punching, bendin...A six-axis CNC laser-cutting machine enables our operators to make precision cuts on large tubing, including after bending and forming operations. It prevents hole deformation and keeps material from tearing. Complete Tube Laser Cutting either before or after bending. In-line Tube Laser cutting up to 16" OD round and 11.8" square tubing.Industrial Machinery: Laser tube cutting is integral in manufacturing machinery and equipment. It is used to fabricate tubes for conveyor systems, hydraulic …Follow rctestflight on IG: https://instagram.com/rctestflight_My previous DIY Lawnmower: https://youtu.be/3iPVCrq2_SsCheck out the Ecoflow Delta Max here: ht...Laser tube cutting is a highly precise and efficient method of cutting and shaping metal tubes and pipes, and it has revolutionized the manufacturing industry. With the help of fiber lasers and advanced software, complex shapes and designs can be cut into tubes with ease, making it an ideal process for many different applications in manufacturing.Oct 20, 2022 ... Alro Steel's Jumbo 24" Tube Laser can provide laser cutting on carbon steel, stainless steel, and aluminum. We can cut angle, channel, beam, ...
The BLM laser’s in-house software system, ArTube, is used to manage the cutting on the tube laser through computer numerical control (CNC). This software is compatible with STEP and IGES files, ensuring no errors in converting drawings to the final cut part. Entire component kits can be produced for our customers on the LT Fiber and delivered .... Skipper canteen magic kingdom
TUBE LASER CUTTING. Tube laser cutting applies the process and technology of laser cutting to round, square, and rectangular tubing. Using a narrow beam of light, our Trumpf TruLaser Tube 7000 and LT8 tube lasers deliver precise cuts tailored to your specifications. Tubing can also be cut to custom lengths, all in one run. HitchDoc is on the forefront of tube laser processing utilizing both standard laser as well fiber optic cutting technology.This laser is ideal for high-speed and repeated high-volume for small to medium diameter tube production. Proprietary U-Axis offers impressive cutting speeds and superior part accuracy through a wide range of applications. Utilizes a 2.5D torch with focus detection and the programmable angle of the B-Axis enables bevel cutting.Laser cutting is a slitting process with which it is possible to cut metallic and non-metallic raw materials of different material thicknesses. This is based around a laser beam which is guided, formed, and bundled. When it hits the workpiece, the material heats up to the extent that it melts or vaporizes. In this process, the whole laser power ...All the process is carefully cared by the precision of the excellent products we own. Our knowledge of manufacturing processes is the foundation of a good Quality Management System. We don't talk about quality, we are quality. L1 provides designing, manufacturing, engineering, and CNC laser cut services, including tube and pipe profiles.Tube Laser. Tubecon Africa expanded our range of Value Added Services by adding a tube laser cutter, increasing customer convenience in terms of buying and cutting the required tubes at one place. The fiber laser cuts round, square and rectangular input tubes. Various wall thicknesses can be accommodated. Our new high-tech fiber laser cuts ...Precision Laser Tube Cutting Service. Totten Tubes’ state-of-the-art laser tube cutting capabilities ensure clean, high precision cuts that match your requirements. We can laser cut round, square, and rectangular tube materials up to 3/4” thick and produce simple mounting holes, intricate details, and everything in between, with perfect ...Tube laser cutting is a process in which steel tubes are cut into desired shapes. It is an advanced form of laser cutting that has many benefits. -The process is faster and more …To make duplicate car keys, take the original key to a local hardware store to have the key laser cut and duplicated, order a replacement key from the manufacturer or dealer or con...The model KLINGE is for straight-down cutting, and the model LA4 is for bevel cutting Bus-based Control Systems Based on multi-axis moving control, CNC algorithm, CAM cutting software and system interface …Laser tube cutting services from Alabama Laser are performed with three CO2 laser systems designed for cutting round, square, rectangular, flat, oval, and ...The Preco RT Series is designed for precision laser cutting of small diameter tubes for medical devices such as surgical instruments, stents and other implantable devices. The combination of a granite base, precision servo drives, rigid work holding, fiber-delivered laser sources and Preco's optimized fine cutting head offers unmatched ...state-of-the-art 360 degree tube laser cutting PDM Steel offers a single system capable of combining multiple manual operations into a single cycle, dramatically reducing your wait time and cost. Additionally, this process can decrease the amount of welding by developing “smart parts” including tabs and features on the processed material ... Inline Tube Laser Cutting. With powerful, 4 kW inline fiber-optic tube laser cutting systems, we can cut round, square, and rectangle material, (including open profiles), up to 6-inch OD, and can handle angled cuts on multiple sides or edges. With a robust operating system, this equipment can create slots, notches, copes and custom hole patterns. Lasertube systems are BLM GROUP 2D and 3D tube laser cutting machines for tubes, bars and profiles, from 12 mm to 610 mm (.5” to 24") in diameter …Laser printers are a much-needed necessity for anyone that owns a computer. Whether you have a home office or have a computer for entertainment and social media, a laser printer he... LASER TUBE CUTTING. Laser Tube Cutting Matt Swain 2024-02-16T15:37:19+00:00. What makes Lasercraft parts stand out? Capabilities. Up to 6″ (152.4 mm) OD; Round tube; Tube Laser Cutting. Up to 24” diameter x 50 feet long. Miter cut, top notch and slot holes. Tabs, etching, pipe joints and more. High quality cut and parts repeatability. Tapping from #10 - 3/4” and M5 - M20. Reduce assembly time by eliminating need for: sawing, fixtures, milling, drilling, punching, bending, and welding. .